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1 заводской метод исчисления себестоимости
Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > заводской метод исчисления себестоимости
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2 заводской метод
Economy: enterprise method -
3 метод предприятий
Economy: enterprise method -
4 envergadura
f.1 size, extent (importancia).una reforma de gran envergadura a wide-ranging reform2 wingspan.3 importance, reach, significance.* * *1 (de pájaro) spread, span, wingspan2 MARÍTIMO breadth (of sail)3 figurado (de avión) span, wingspan4 figurado (importancia) importance, scope\de gran envergadura / de mucha envergadura very important, consequential, far-reachingde poca envergadura unimportant, inconsequential* * *SF1) (=importancia) importanceel edificio sufrió daños de cierta envergadura — the building suffered considerable o substantial damage
un programa de gran envergadura — a wide-ranging programme, a programme of considerable scope
2) (=tamaño) scope, magnitude3) (=extensión) [gen] expanse, spread; (Náut) breadth, beam; (Aer, Orn) wingspan; [de boxeador] reach* * *1) ( importancia) magnitude (frml), importancede gran/cierta envergadura — of great/some importance
2) (de avión, ave) wingspan* * *= comprehensive, comprehensiveness, magnitude, sweep, massiveness, scale.Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.Ex. The importance of currency in relation to comprehensiveness and other features of the abstracting publication depends upon the subject area and audience.Ex. Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.Ex. The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.Ex. With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.Ex. I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.----* de envergacura = heavy lifting.* de tal envergadura = of such magnitude, such that.* envergadura de ala = wingspan.* * *1) ( importancia) magnitude (frml), importancede gran/cierta envergadura — of great/some importance
2) (de avión, ave) wingspan* * *= comprehensive, comprehensiveness, magnitude, sweep, massiveness, scale.Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
Ex: The importance of currency in relation to comprehensiveness and other features of the abstracting publication depends upon the subject area and audience.Ex: Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.Ex: The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.Ex: With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.Ex: I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.* de envergacura = heavy lifting.* de tal envergadura = of such magnitude, such that.* envergadura de ala = wingspan.* * *A (importancia) magnitude ( frml), importanceun proyecto de gran envergadura a project of great importance o magnitudeun político de cierta envergadura a politician of some importanceB1 (de un avión, ave) wingspan2 (de una vela) breadth* * *
envergadura sustantivo femenino ( importancia) magnitude (frml), importance;
envergadura sustantivo masculino
1 (de un avión, un ave) wingspan
2 (importancia) significance, scope, extent: resolvieron problemas de cierta envergadura, they resolved quite complicated problems
' envergadura' also found in these entries:
English:
large-scale
- size
- small-scale
- span
- spread
- spur
- full
- magnitude
- wingspan
* * *envergadura nf1. [importancia] size, extent;[complejidad] complexity;para un negocio de esta envergadura se necesita mucho dinero a business of this size needs a lot of money;una reforma de gran envergadura a large-scale reform;políticos de poca envergadura minor politicians;el accidente fue de tal envergadura que hubo que cerrar el aeropuerto the accident was so serious that the airport had to be shut down2. [de ave, avión] wingspan3. [de brazos] span4. [de vela] breadth* * *magnitude, importance;de gran omucha envergadura fig of great importance* * *envergadura nf1) : span, breadth, spread2) : importance, scope -
5 grado
m.1 degree.grado centígrado degree centigrade2 degree.quemaduras de primer grado first-degree burnsmostró un alto grado de preparación he was very well prepareden menor grado to a lesser extent o degreeen grado sumo greatly3 grade (rango).4 year, class (education).5 score, grade.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: gradar.* * *1 (gen) degree2 (estado) stage5 (peldaño) step6 MILITAR rank7 LINGÚÍSTICA degree\de buen grado willingly, with good gracede mal grado unwillingly, with bad graceen sumo grado to the highest degreeen tal grado so much so* * *noun m.1) degree2) grade3) extent* * *SM1) (=nivel) degreequemaduras de primer/segundo grado — first-/second-degree burns
•
en alto grado — to a great degreela censura dificultó en alto grado la investigación científica — scientific research was greatly hindered o was hindered to a great degree by censorship
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de grado en grado — step by step, by degrees•
en mayor grado — to a greater degree o extent•
en menor grado — to a lesser degree o extent•
en sumo grado o en grado sumo, era humillante en sumo grado — it was humiliating in the extreme•
tercer grado (penitenciario) — Esp lowest category within the prison system which allows day release privileges2) (Geog, Mat, Fís) degree3) [de escalafón] grade; (Mil) rank4) (=etapa) stagecolación de grados — Arg conferment of degrees
6) (Ling) degree of comparisonadjetivos en grado comparativo — comparative adjectives, comparatives
adjetivos en grado superlativo — superlative adjectives, superlatives
7) (=gusto)•
de (buen) grado — willingly•
de mal grado — unwillinglyde grado o por (la) fuerza —
otros muchos países entraron en guerra, de grado o por la fuerza — many other countries were forced willy-nilly to enter the war
pues tendrás que ir, de grado o por la fuerza — well you'll have to go, like it or not
8) [de escalera] step9) pl grados (Rel) minor orders* * *1)a) (nivel, cantidad) degreeel asunto se ha complicado en or (AmL) a tal grado... — things have become so complicated...
en grado sumo: me preocupó en grado sumo it caused me great concern; nos complace en grado sumo comunicarle que... — it gives us great pleasure to inform you that...
b) ( de parentesco) degree2) ( de escalafón) grade3) ( disposición)de buen/mal grado — willingly/unwillingly
4)a) (Fís, Meteo) degreeb) (Geog, Mat) degreec) (Vin) degree5)a) (esp AmL) (Educ) (curso, año) yearb) ( título)* * *= degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], magnitude, range, rate, scale, to what extent, grade, quotient, degree.Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.Ex. As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.Ex. Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.Ex. Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.Ex. Whether, in the future, the co-operatives will be able to fund appropriate developments at a sufficiently rapid rate remains an unanswered question.Ex. Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.Ex. Clearly an index must permit access to a document by its central theme, but, to what extent should access be provided to secondary or subsidiary topics considered within a document?.Ex. The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.Ex. One reads, for instance, that a parameter in assessing the maximum period a user can be kept waiting is the 'aggravation quotient'.Ex. In cartography reference system is the method by which one can locate a place on a map, eg (a) degrees of latitude and longitude; (b) a grid reference.----* alumno de cuarto grado = fourth grader.* asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.* cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.* cierto grado de = a degree of.* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.* de grado básico = junior grade.* delito de menor grado = misdemeanour [misdimeanor, -USA].* de primer grado = in the first degree.* de segundo grado = second-degree, in the second degree.* el grado de = the extent of.* el grado de + Nombre = the breadth and depth of + Nombre.* el grado en que = the extent to which.* en cierto grado = something of.* en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.* en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.* en diverso grado = to varying degrees.* en diversos grados = to varying extents.* en este grado = to this extent.* en grado mínimo = minimally.* en mayor grado = to a greater degree, a fortiori, to a greater extent, to a larger degree, to a larger extent.* en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.* en menor grado = to a lesser extent, to a lesser degree.* en sumo grado = in the extreme.* en tercer grado = in the third degree.* en un grado bastante aceptable = to a fair extent.* en un grado sumo = in the extreme.* escala que consta de nueve grados = nine-point scale.* girar 180 grados = move + 180 degrees.* grado centígrado (ºC) = degree centigrade (ºC).* grado de aceptación = acceptance rate.* grado de acidez = pH, ph value.* grado de adecuación = degree of fit.* grado de citación = citedness.* grado de cobertura = depth of coverage.* grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.* grado de compleción = completeness.* grado de escepticismo = degree of skepticism.* grado de integración = scale of integration.* grado de no citación = uncitedness.* grado de pertinencia = recall tendency.* grado de precisión = degree of detail.* grado de proximidad entre dos = betweenness.* grado de relación = relatedness measure.* grado medio = middle grade.* grado superlativo = superlative.* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.* salón de grados = conference room.* tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.* un cierto grado de = a certain amount of, a modicum of.* vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.* * *1)a) (nivel, cantidad) degreeel asunto se ha complicado en or (AmL) a tal grado... — things have become so complicated...
en grado sumo: me preocupó en grado sumo it caused me great concern; nos complace en grado sumo comunicarle que... — it gives us great pleasure to inform you that...
b) ( de parentesco) degree2) ( de escalafón) grade3) ( disposición)de buen/mal grado — willingly/unwillingly
4)a) (Fís, Meteo) degreeb) (Geog, Mat) degreec) (Vin) degree5)a) (esp AmL) (Educ) (curso, año) yearb) ( título)* * *= degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], magnitude, range, rate, scale, to what extent, grade, quotient, degree.Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.Ex: As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.Ex: Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.Ex: Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.Ex: Whether, in the future, the co-operatives will be able to fund appropriate developments at a sufficiently rapid rate remains an unanswered question.Ex: Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.Ex: Clearly an index must permit access to a document by its central theme, but, to what extent should access be provided to secondary or subsidiary topics considered within a document?.Ex: The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.Ex: One reads, for instance, that a parameter in assessing the maximum period a user can be kept waiting is the 'aggravation quotient'.Ex: In cartography reference system is the method by which one can locate a place on a map, eg (a) degrees of latitude and longitude; (b) a grid reference.* alumno de cuarto grado = fourth grader.* asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.* cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.* cierto grado de = a degree of.* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.* de grado básico = junior grade.* delito de menor grado = misdemeanour [misdimeanor, -USA].* de primer grado = in the first degree.* de segundo grado = second-degree, in the second degree.* el grado de = the extent of.* el grado de + Nombre = the breadth and depth of + Nombre.* el grado en que = the extent to which.* en cierto grado = something of.* en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.* en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.* en diverso grado = to varying degrees.* en diversos grados = to varying extents.* en este grado = to this extent.* en grado mínimo = minimally.* en mayor grado = to a greater degree, a fortiori, to a greater extent, to a larger degree, to a larger extent.* en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.* en menor grado = to a lesser extent, to a lesser degree.* en sumo grado = in the extreme.* en tercer grado = in the third degree.* en un grado bastante aceptable = to a fair extent.* en un grado sumo = in the extreme.* escala que consta de nueve grados = nine-point scale.* girar 180 grados = move + 180 degrees.* grado centígrado (ºC) = degree centigrade (ºC).* grado de aceptación = acceptance rate.* grado de acidez = pH, ph value.* grado de adecuación = degree of fit.* grado de citación = citedness.* grado de cobertura = depth of coverage.* grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.* grado de compleción = completeness.* grado de escepticismo = degree of skepticism.* grado de integración = scale of integration.* grado de no citación = uncitedness.* grado de pertinencia = recall tendency.* grado de precisión = degree of detail.* grado de proximidad entre dos = betweenness.* grado de relación = relatedness measure.* grado medio = middle grade.* grado superlativo = superlative.* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.* salón de grados = conference room.* tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.* un cierto grado de = a certain amount of, a modicum of.* vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.* * *A1 (nivel, cantidad) degreeotro ejemplo del grado de confusión reinante another example of the degree of confusion that prevailsdepende del grado de libertad que tengan it depends on how much freedom o the degree of freedom they enjoyel asunto se ha complicado en or ( AmL) a tal grado que no le veo solución things have become so complicated that I can't see any solutionen grado sumo: la noticia me preocupó en grado sumo the news worried me greatly o caused me great concernnos complace en grado sumo poder comunicarle que … it gives us great pleasure to be able to inform you that …2 (de parentesco) degreeson primos en segundo grado they are second cousinsB (de escalafón) gradeun oficial de grado superior a high-ranking officerC(disposición): de buen grado readily, willingly, with good gracede mal grado reluctantly, unwillingly, with bad graceDestamos a tres grados bajo cero it's three degrees below zero, it's minus three degreesa un ángulo de 60 grados at an angle of 60 degrees, at a 60° angle25 grados de latitud/longitud 25 degrees latitude/longitude3 ( Vin) degreeun vino de 12 grados a 12% proof wineCompuestos:● grado centígrado or Celsiusdegree centigrade o Celsiusdegree FahrenheitE2(título): tiene el grado de licenciado he has a college degree ( AmE), he has a university degree ( BrE)F ( Ling) degreegrado positivo/comparativo positive/comparative degreeG ( Der) stageel juicio se halla en grado de apelación/revisión the trial is at the appeal/review stage* * *
grado sustantivo masculino
1 ( en general) degree;
grado centígrado or Celsius/Fahrenheit degree centigrade o Celsius/Fahrenheit;
el grado de confusión reinante the degree of confusion that prevails;
en grado sumo extremely
2 ( de escalafón) grade;
(Mil) rank
3 ( disposición):◊ de buen/mal grado willingly/unwillingly
4
b) ( título):◊ tiene el grado de licenciado he has a college (AmE) o (BrE) university degree
grado sustantivo masculino
1 degree
2 Mil rank
3 (gusto, voluntad) desire, will
♦ Locuciones: de buen/mal grado, willingly/reluctantly
' grado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
categoría
- coeficiente
- colmo
- ecuación
- insolación
- jerarquía
- mayor
- medida
- menor
- menos
- mínimamente
- poder
- punto
- superior
- décima
- enfadado
- enfadar
- enojado
- enojar
- extensión
- grande
English:
accurately
- degree
- extent
- extreme
- first-degree
- grace
- grade
- grind
- insofar
- may
- optimum
- point
- rank
- registrar
- subaltern
- commission
- freely
- lesser
* * *grado nm1. [de temperatura] degreegrado Celsius degree Celsius;grado centígrado degree centigrade;grado Fahrenheit degree Fahrenheit;grado Kelvin kelvin2. [de alcohol]¿cuántos grados tiene ese whisky? how strong is that whisky?;alcohol de 90 grados 90 degree proof alcohol3. [índice, nivel] degree;el candidato mostró un alto grado de preparación the candidate was very well prepared;un fenómeno que afecta en menor grado a las ciudades a phenomenon that affects cities to a lesser extent o degree;eso depende del grado de intransigencia de la gente that depends on how prepared people are to compromise;están examinando su grado de ceguera they're checking to see how blind she is;la situación empeoró en tal o Am [m5]a tal grado que… the situation deteriorated to such a degree o to such an extent that…;en grado sumo greatly4. [en escala] degree;quemaduras de primer grado first-degree burns;asesinato en segundo grado second-degree murder5. [rango] grade;es primo mío en segundo grado he's my second cousin6. Mil rankobtuvo el grado de doctor he obtained his doctorate9. Ling degreegrado comparativo comparative degree;grado superlativo superlative degree12. [voluntad]hacer algo de buen/mal grado to do sth willingly/unwillingly;te lo prestaré de buen grado I'd be happy to lend it to you* * *m1 degree;de primer grado quemaduras first-degree2:de buen grado with good grace, readily;de mal grado with bad grace, reluctantly* * *grado nm1) : degree (in meteorology and mathematics)grado centígrado: degree centigrade2) : extent, level, degreeen grado sumo: greatly, to the highest degree3) rango: rank4) : year, class (in education)5)de buen grado : willingly, readily* * *grado n degree -
6 Paul, Lewis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]d. April 1759 Brook Green, London, England[br]English inventor of hand carding machines and partner with Wyatt in early spinning machines.[br]Lewis Paul, apparently of French Huguenot extraction, was quite young when his father died. His father was Physician to Lord Shaftsbury, who acted as Lewis Paul's guardian. In 1728 Paul made a runaway match with a widow and apparently came into her property when she died a year later. He must have subsequently remarried. In 1732 he invented a pinking machine for making the edges of shrouds out of which he derived some profit.Why Paul went to Birmingham is unknown, but he helped finance some of Wyatt's earlier inventions. Judging by the later patents taken out by Paul, it is probable that he was the one interested in spinning, turning to Wyatt for help in the construction of his spinning machine because he had no mechanical skills. The two men may have been involved in this as early as 1733, although it is more likely that they began this work in 1735. Wyatt went to London to construct a model and in 1736 helped to apply for a patent, which was granted in 1738 in the name of Paul. The patent shows that Paul and Wyatt had a number of different ways of spinning in mind, but contains no drawings of the machines. In one part there is a description of sets of rollers to draw the cotton out more finely that could have been similar to those later used by Richard Arkwright. However, it would seem that Paul and Wyatt followed the other main method described, which might be called spindle drafting, where the fibres are drawn out between the nip of a pair of rollers and the tip of the spindle; this method is unsatisfactory for continuous spinning and results in an uneven yarn.The spinning venture was supported by Thomas Warren, a well-known Birmingham printer, Edward Cave of Gentleman's Magazine, Dr Robert James of fever-powder celebrity, Mrs Desmoulins, and others. Dr Samuel Johnson also took much interest. In 1741 a mill powered by two asses was equipped at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, with, machinery for spinning cotton being constructed by Wyatt. Licences for using the invention were sold to other people including Edward Cave, who established a mill at Northampton, so the enterprise seemed to have great promise. A spinning machine must be supplied with fibres suitably prepared, so carding machines had to be developed. Work was in hand on one in 1740 and in 1748 Paul took out another patent for two types of carding device, possibly prompted by the patent taken out by Daniel Bourn. Both of Paul's devices were worked by hand and the carded fibres were laid onto a strip of paper. The paper and fibres were then rolled up and placed in the spinning machine. In 1757 John Dyer wrote a poem entitled The Fleece, which describes a circular spinning machine of the type depicted in a patent taken out by Paul in 1758. Drawings in this patent show that this method of spinning was different from Arkwright's. Paul endeavoured to have the machine introduced into the Foundling Hospital, but his death in early 1759 stopped all further development. He was buried at Paddington on 30 April that year.[br]Bibliography1738, British patent no. 562 (spinning machine). 1748, British patent no. 636 (carding machine).1758, British patent no. 724 (circular spinning machine).Further ReadingG.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London, App. This should be read in conjunction with R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester, which shows that the roller drafting system on Paul's later spinning machine worked on the wrong principles.A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and the early mills).E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, but is now out of date).A.Seymour-Jones, 1921, "The invention of roller drawing in cotton spinning", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 1 (a more modern account).RLH -
7 Fabrikationsabfall
Fabrikationsabfall
waste;
• Fabrikationsablauf manufacturing process, schedule;
• Fabrikationsabteilung manufacturing division, production department;
• Fabrikationsanlagen producing (production, plant) facilities, productive equipment;
• Fabrikationsauftrag factory (production, manufacturing, special, job) order;
• Fabrikationsauftragsnummer job-order number;
• Fabrikationsausstoß factory output;
• Fabrikationsausstoß erhöhen to step up production;
• Fabrikationsbetrieb manufacturing enterprise (establishment, plant, operation, company, Br., corporation, US);
• Fabrikationsbetrieb einrichten to set up a manufactory;
• Fabrikationsbetrieb umstellen to adapt a factory to the production [of other products];
• Fabrikationsdauer production period;
• Fabrikationseinrichtungen productive equipment, producing facilities;
• Fabrikationserfahrung productive experience;
• Fabrikationsfehler manufacturing defect, flaw;
• Fabrikationsfehler beseitigen to supply (remedy) a defect in a manufacture;
• Fabrikationsfehler haben to be faulty in its manufacture;
• Fabrikationsgang course of manufacture, (Verarbeitung) processing, manufacturing process;
• Fabrikationsgeheimnis secrecy of manufacture, trade (manufacturing) secret;
• Fabrikationsgemeinkosten factory overheads;
• Fabrikationsgemeinkostensatz factory overhead rate;
• Fabrikationsgenehmigung production permit;
• Fabrikationsgesellschaft manufacturing establishment (company enterprise);
• Fabrikationsgewerbe manufacturing trade;
• Fabrikationsgewinn manufacturing (trade, factory) profit;
• Fabrikationshalle factory building;
• Fabrikationsjahr year of manufacture;
• Fabrikationskapazität manufacturing (production) capacity;
• Fabrikationskenntnisse manufacturing knowledge, know-how;
• Fabrikationskonto production (factory, manufacturing, process) account;
• Fabrikationskontrolle production control;
• Fabrikationskosten cost of production (manufacture, manufacturing, goods manufactured), manufacturing (processing) cost, factory expenses (overheads);
• Fabrikationskostenaufstellung manufacturing cost sheet;
• Fabrikationskostenkonto factory overhead account;
• Fabrikationsleiter production manager;
• Fabrikationslizenz production (manufacturing) permit;
• Fabrikationslöhne direct labo(u)r cost;
• Fabrikationsmaterialien production materials;
• Fabrikationsmethode manufacturing process, method of operation;
• Kosten sparende Fabrikationsmethoden cost-saving production methods;
• Fabrikationsmonopol production (manufacturing) monopoly;
• Fabrikationsmuster factory design;
• Fabrikationsname style name;
• Fabrikationsnummer manufacturer’s (serial) number;
• Fabrikationsort place of manufacture, manufacturing place;
• Fabrikationspartie job lot;
• Fabrikationsplan production plan;
• Fabrikationspreis production cost (price), manufacturing, (manufacturer’s cost) price, (Selbstkosten) prime cost, cost price;
• Fabrikationsprogramm production plan (range), working scheme, manufacturing schedule (program(me));
• sein Fabrikationsprogramm abrunden to round off one’s production;
• Fabrikationsprozess manufacturing process;
• Fabrikationsrechte manufacturing (shop) rights. -
8 Elkington, George Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 October 1801 Birmingham Englandd. 22 September 1865 Pool Park, Denbighshire, England[br]English pioneer in electroplating.[br]He was apprenticed to his uncles, makers of metalware, in 1815 and showed such aptitude for business that he was taken into partnership. On their deaths, Elkington assumed sole ownership of the business. In conjunction with his cousin Henry (1810–52), by unrelenting enterprise, he established an industry for electroplating and electrogilding. Up until c.1840, silver-plated goods were produced by rolling or soldering thin sheets of silver to a base metal, such as copper. Back in 1801, the English chemist William Wollaston had deposited one metal upon another by means of an electric current generated from a voltaic pile or battery. In the 1830s, certain inventors, such as Bessemer used this result to produce plated articles and these efforts in turn induced the Elkingtons to apply the method in their trade. In 1836 and 1837 they took out patents for "mercurial gilding", and one patent of 1838 refers to a separate electric current. In 1840 they bought from John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, his discovery of what proved to be the best electroplating solution: namely, solutions of cyanides of gold and silver in potassium cyanide. They also purchased rights to use the electric machine invented by J.S. Woolrich. Armed with these techniques, the Elkingtons produced in their large new works in Newhall Street a wide range of gold-and silver-plated decorative and artistic ware. Henry was particularly active on the artistic side of the business, as was their employee Alexander Parkes. For some twenty-five years, Britain enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this kind of ware, due largely to the enterprise of the Elkingtons, although by the end of the century rising tariffs had closed many foreign markets and the lead had passed to Germany. George spent all his working life in Birmingham, taking some part in the public life of the city. He was a governor of King Edward's Grammar School and a borough magistrate. He was also a caring employer, setting up houses and schools for his workers.[br]Bibliography1864, Journal of the Royal Society for Arts (29 January).LRDBiographical history of technology > Elkington, George Richard
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9 Порядок - душа всякого дела
In any enterprise order ensures successCf: Order and method render things asily (Am.). Order is heaven's first law (Am.)Русско-английский словарь пословиц и поговорок > Порядок - душа всякого дела
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10 Einzeltäter
Einzeltäter m RECHT individual offender* * *m < Recht> individual offender* * *Einzeltäter
isolated perpetrator;
• Einzelteil component [part], section, single part;
• Einzelteilfertigung manufacture of single parts;
• Einzelteillager parts inventory;
• Einzeltransport individual shipment (US);
• Einzeltreuhänder sole trustee;
• Einzelunternehmen single enterprise, one-man business (US), sole (single, individual) proprietorship (US);
• Einzelunternehmen in eine Gesellschaft umwandeln to turn the business of a sole proprietor into a partnership (US);
• Einzelunternehmer individual entrepreneur, sole (individual) proprietor (US);
• Einzelunterricht private lessons;
• Einzelunterschrift single signature;
• Einzelveranlagung separate assessment;
• Einzelverbraucher individual consumer;
• Einzelverkauf retail sale (trade), (Kiosk) newsstand sales, (Zeitung) boy sales;
• Einzelverkäufer individual vendor;
• Einzelverkaufspreis retail [selling] price;
• Einzelvermächtnis specific bequest (device), special (specific) legacy;
• Einzelverpackung unit (individual) packing;
• Einzelverpflichtung several covenant;
• Einzelversand single shipment;
• Einzelversicherer individual insurer, underwriting member (Br.);
• Einzelversicherung individual insurance;
• Einzelversicherungspolice specific policy;
• Einzelversicherungsunternehmen private underwriter (US);
• Einzelverträge selbstständig Erwerbstätiger individual employment contract for self-employed workers;
• Einzelverwahrung regular (special, US) deposit;
• Einzelvollmacht specific power of attorney;
• Einzelvorstand governing (sole, individual) director;
• Einzelwährung monometallism;
• Einzelwerbung direct advertising;
• Einzelwerbung durch die Post direct mail advertising (US);
• Einzelwertberichtigung adjustment of value, value adjustment;
• Einzelwirkungsgrad efficiency per unit;
• Einzelzeitverfahren repetitive timing, snapback method;
• Einzelzimmer separate room, (Hotel) single [bed]room, (Krankenhaus) private room;
• Einzelzimmerreservierung single-room accommodation. -
11 System
System n 1. COMP, GEN system; 2. POL regime* * ** * *System
system, plan, body, form, frame[work];
• dezentralisiertes System decentralized system;
• einsatzfähiges System deployable system;
• fortgeschrittenes (modernes) System advanced system;
• gut funktionierendes System efficient system;
• kapitalistisches System capitalistic (profits) system;
• mehrstufiges System multi-tier system;
• metrisches System metric system;
• ökologisches System ecosystem;
• parlamentarisches System parliamentary system of government;
• unbrauchbares System impracticable method;
• verschwenderisches System wasteful scheme;
• System der Analyse von Beamtengehältern pay-research system (Br.);
• System beweglicher Arbeitszeiten flexible time system;
• System der Ausgabe von Belegschaftsaktien employees’ shares plan;
• System zur Erforschung der Kundenmeinung image-rating system;
• System der mehrfachen Führungsgremien multiple management (US);
• System des gespaltenen Goldpreises two-tier gold price system;
• System der Grundbestandshaltung base stock system;
• System mit Käfighaltung (Landwirtschaft) battery system;
• System der sich bei Ablauf automatisch erneuernden Kredite revolving credit scheme;
• System der Lehrlingsausbildung apprenticeship system;
• System automatischer Lohnangleichung automatic system of pay settlements;
• System der freien Marktwirtschaft free-enterprise system;
• System vorgeschriebener Mindestreserven safety-fund system (US), fractional reserve banking system;
• System der gespaltenen Preise two-price system;
• System der differenzierten Preisfestsetzung für Auslieferungsstellen basing-point pricing system;
• System mit voll wirksamer Preisgleitklausel für Lebenshaltungskosten full cost-of-living escalator plan;
• System des Privateigentums private ownership;
• System zur beschleunigten Prüfung von Eingängen am Kassenschalter batch system;
• System der Qualitätsbestimmung quality-rating system;
• System betrieblicher Sozialzulagen employee-benefit plan;
• umfassendes System zusätzlicher Vergünstigungen overall compensation program(me);
• System flexibler (gespaltener) Wechselkurse flexible exchange-rate (multiple-rate) system, adjustable peg system (US);
• System des sozialen Wohnungsbaus National House-Building Council Scheme (Br.);
• System für Zahlungen in Euro in der gesamten EU EU-wide system for euro payments;
• System der Zulassung aller Versicherungsarten bei einer Gesellschaft multiple line system of insurance;
• System staatlicher Zusatzrenten state earnings-related pension (SERPS) (Br.);
• nach einem System arbeiten to have system in one’s work;
• in ein System bringen to systemize, to systematize;
• neues System einführen to supersede (introdue) a new system;
• System der sozialen Sicherheit harmonisieren to harmonize national social security sytems;
• System hochfahren (Computer) to restart a system;
• Systemabsturz (Computer) system crash;
• Systemanalytiker systems engineer (analyst);
• erforderliche Systemänderungen (Computer) necessary system changes. -
12 полный
1. absoluteполный, неограниченный контроль — absolute control
2. detailed3. integral4. thorough5. chubby6. overallполное усиление; общий коэффициент усиления — overall gain
7. comprehensive8. implicit9. thorongh10. exhaustive11. floor-to-floor12. full-length13. plenarily14. plenaryполное, безоговорочное признание — plenary confession
15. plug-to-plug16. portly17. seamless18. stoutона была полная, но не тучная — she was stout, not obese
19. full; to the brim; all right; never mind20. full; complete; absolute; perfect; stout; chubby21. complete22. flush23. plump24. rich25. total26. utterв полном запустении; всеми покинутый — in utter desertion
Синонимический ряд:1. глубокая (прил.) абсолютная; глубокая; гробовая; мертвая; могильная; невозмутимая; ненарушимая; нерушимая; совершенная2. исчерпывающая (прил.) всесторонний; исчерпывающая3. неограниченная (прил.) абсолютная; безраздельная; не имеющий границ; не имеющий ограничений; неограниченная; ничем не ограниченный4. полнотелая (прил.) гладкая; дородная; полнотелая; пухлая; пышная; сдобная; упитанная5. толстая (прил.) жирная; толстая6. цельная (прил.) вся; круглая; целая; цельнаяАнтонимический ряд:порожняя; пустая; худая -
13 Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de
[br]b. 9 April 1864 Liverpool, Englandd. 13 January 1930 Zurich, Switzerland[br]English manufacturing engineer and inventor, a pioneer and early advocate of high-voltage alternating-current electric-power systems.[br]Ferranti, who had taken an interest in electrical and mechanical devices from an early age, was educated at St Augustine's College in Ramsgate and for a short time attended evening classes at University College, London. Rather than pursue an academic career, Ferranti, who had intense practical interests, found employment in 1881 with the Siemens Company (see Werner von Siemens) in their experimental department. There he had the opportunity to superintend the installation of electric-lighting plants in various parts of the country. Becoming acquainted with Alfred Thomson, an engineer, Ferranti entered into a short-lived partnership with him to manufacture the Ferranti alternator. This generator, with a unique zig-zag armature, had an efficiency exceeding that of all its rivals. Finding that Sir William Thomson had invented a similar machine, Ferranti formed a company with him to combine the inventions and produce the Ferranti- Thomson machine. For this the Hammond Electric Light and Power Company obtained the sole selling rights.In 1885 the Grosvenor Gallery Electricity Supply Corporation was having serious problems with its Gaulard and Gibbs series distribution system. Ferranti, when consulted, reviewed the design and recommended transformers connected across constant-potential mains. In the following year, at the age of 22, he was appointed Engineer to the company and introduced the pattern of electricity supply that was eventually adopted universally. Ambitious plans by Ferranti for London envisaged the location of a generating station of unprecedented size at Deptford, about eight miles (13 km) from the city, a departure from the previous practice of placing stations within the area to be supplied. For this venture the London Electricity Supply Corporation was formed. Ferranti's bold decision to bring the supply from Deptford at the hitherto unheard-of pressure of 10,000 volts required him to design suitable cables, transformers and generators. Ferranti planned generators with 10,000 hp (7,460 kW)engines, but these were abandoned at an advanced stage of construction. Financial difficulties were caused in part when a Board of Trade enquiry in 1889 reduced the area that the company was able to supply. In spite of this adverse situation the enterprise continued on a reduced scale. Leaving the London Electricity Supply Corporation in 1892, Ferranti again started his own business, manufacturing electrical plant. He conceived the use of wax-impregnated paper-insulated cables for high voltages, which formed a landmark in the history of cable development. This method of flexible-cable manufacture was used almost exclusively until synthetic materials became available. In 1892 Ferranti obtained a patent which set out the advantages to be gained by adopting sector-shaped conductors in multi-core cables. This was to be fundamental to the future design and development of such cables.A total of 176 patents were taken out by S.Z. de Ferranti. His varied and numerous inventions included a successful mercury-motor energy meter and improvements to textile-yarn produc-tion. A transmission-line phenomenon where the open-circuit voltage at the receiving end of a long line is greater than the sending voltage was named the Ferranti Effect after him.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1927. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1910 and 1911. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924.Bibliography18 July 1882, British patent no. 3,419 (Ferranti's first alternator).13 December 1892, British patent no. 22,923 (shaped conductors of multi-core cables). 1929, "Electricity in the service of man", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 67: 125–30.Further ReadingG.Z.de Ferranti and R. Ince, 1934, The Life and Letters of Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, London.A.Ridding, 1964, S.Z.de Ferranti. Pioneer of Electric Power, London: Science Museum and HMSO (a concise biography).R.H.Parsons, 1939, Early Days of the Power Station Industry, Cambridge, pp. 21–41.GWBiographical history of technology > Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de
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14 Hancock, Walter
[br]b. 16 June 1799 Marlborough, Wiltshire, England d. 14 May 1852[br]English engineer and promoter of steam locomotion on common roads.[br]He was the sixth son of James Hancock, a cabinet-maker and merchant of Marlborough, Wiltshire. Initially Walter was apprenticed to a watchmaker and jeweller in London, but he soon turned his attention to engineering. In 1824 he invented a steam engine in which the cylinder and piston were replaced by two flexible bags of several layers of canvas and rubber solution, which were alternately filled with steam. The engine worked satisfactorily at Hancock's works in Stratford and its simplicity and lightness suggested its suitability for road carriages. Initial experiments were not very successful, but Hancock continued to experiment. After many trials in and around London, the Infant began a regular run between Stratford and London in February 1831. The following year he built the Era for the London and Brighton Steam Carriage Company. The Enterprise was next put on the road, by the London and Paddington Steam Carriage Company in April 1833. The Autopsy started to run from Finsbury Square to Pentonville in October of the same year and ran alternately with the Erin between the City and Paddington. Hancock's interest in steam road locomotion continued until about 1840, by which time he had built ten carriages. But by then public interest had declined and most of the companies involved had failed. Later, he turned his attention to indiarubber, working with his brother Thomas Hancock. In 1843 he obtained a patent for cutting rubber into sheets and for a method of preparing a solution of rubber.[br]Bibliography1838, Narrative of Twelve Years of Experiments (1824–1836) Demonstrative of the Practicability and Advantages of Employing Steam Carriages on Common Roads, London.IMcN -
15 Whitney, Eli
[br]b. 8 December 1765 Westborough, Massachusetts, USAd. 8 January 1825 New Haven, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of the cotton gin and manufacturer of firearms.[br]The son of a prosperous farmer, Eli Whitney as a teenager showed more interest in mechanics than school work. At the age of 15 he began an enterprise business manufacturing nails in his father's workshop, even having to hire help to fulfil his orders. He later determined to acquire a university education and, his father having declined to provide funds, he taught at local schools to obtain the means to attend Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in preparation for his entry to Yale in 1789. He graduated in 1792 and then decided to study law. He accepted a position in Georgia as a tutor that would have given him time for study; this post did not materialize, but on his journey south he met General Nathanael Greene's widow and the manager of her plantations, Phineas Miller (1764–1803). A feature of agriculture in the southern states was that the land was unsuitable for long-staple cotton but could yield large crops of green-seed cotton. Green-seed cotton was difficult to separate from its seed, and when Whitney learned of the problem in 1793 he quickly devised a machine known as the cotton gin, which provided an effective solution. He formed a partnership with Miller to manufacture the gin and in 1794 obtained a patent. This invention made possible the extraordinary growth of the cotton industry in the United States, but the patent was widely infringed and it was not until 1807, after amendment of the patent laws, that Whitney was able to obtain a favourable decision in the courts and some financial return.In 1798 Whitney was in financial difficulties following the failure of the initial legal action against infringement of the cotton gin patent, but in that year he obtained a government contract to supply 10,000 muskets within two years with generous advance payments. He built a factory at New Haven, Connecticut, and proposed to use a new method of manufacture, perhaps the first application of the system of interchangeable parts. He failed to supply the firearms in the specified time, and in fact the first 500 guns were not delivered until 1801 and the full contract was not completed until 1809.In 1812 Whitney made application for a renewal of his cotton gin patent, but this was refused. In the same year, however, he obtained a second contract from the Government for 15,000 firearms and a similar one from New York State which ensured the success of his business.[br]Further ReadingJ.Mirsky and A.Nevins, 1952, The World of Eli Whitney, New York (a good biography). P.J.Federico, 1960, "Records of Eli Whitney's cotton gin patent", Technology and Culture 1: 168–76 (for details of the cotton gin patent).R.S.Woodbury, 1960, The legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts', Technology and Culture 1:235–53 (challenges the traditional view of Eli Whitney as the sole originator of the "American" system of manufacture).See also Technology and Culture 14(1973):592–8; 18(1977):146–8; 19(1978):609–11.RTS
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